In conclusion, the cells forming small- and medium-sized bile ducts and the ductular reaction undergo EMT during chronic liver diseases, resulting in the formation of invasive fibroblasts this process may be driven by a response to local TGF β, possibly presented by infiltrating T cells. Cells in the ‘ductular reaction' expressed both epithelial and mesenchymal markers together with high levels of TGF β mRNA and pSmad2/3. Fibroblast-like cells which expressed S100A4 were present around many damaged bile ducts. However, TGF β mRNA and nuclear pSmad2/3 were strongly expressed in damaged ducts, which also expressed S100A4, vimentin and MMP-2. Although normal bile ducts expressed ALK5 (TGF β RI), low levels of TGF β mRNA and nuclear pSmad2/3, they did not express S100A4, vimentin or MMP-2. This software was originally produced by Leica Geosystems. The following versions: 8.4, 8.3 and 8.2 are the most frequently downloaded ones by the program users. Stimulation of cultured cells with TGF β induced the expression of pSmad2/3, S100A4 and α-smooth muscle actin these cells became highly motile. LEICA Geo Office was developed to work on Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10 or Windows 11 and can function on 32-bit systems. Liver sections were labelled to detect antigens associated with biliary epithelial cells (cytokeratin 7 and 19 and E-cadherin), T cells (CD8), epithelial–mesenchymal transition (S100A4, vimentin and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2)), myofibroblasts ( α-smooth muscle actin) and intracellular signal-transduction mediated by phosphorylated (p)Smad 2/3 in situ hybridisation was performed to detect mRNA encoding TGF β and S100A4. ![]() Primary human cholangiocytes were stimulated with transforming growth factor- β (TGF β) or TGF β-presenting T cells and examined for evidence of transition to a mesenchymal phenotype. This study was designed to show whether human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells can undergo epithelial–mesenchymal cell transition, thereby directly contributing to fibrogenesis. The relationship between bile duct damage and portal fibrosis in chronic liver diseases remains unclear.
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